Large Load References
Setting the Foundation
"Characteristics and Risks of Emerging Large Loads" by NERC Large Load Working Group (LLWG)
"Assessment of Gaps in Existing Practices, Requirements, and Reliability Standards for Emerging Large Loads" by NERC LLWG
"Reliability Guideline: Risk Mitigation for Emerging Large Loads" by NERC LLWG
ENTSO-E Position Papers
"Data centres and the power system: expected trends, challenges and opportunities" by ENTSO-E
Large Load Related Event Reports
"Incident Review: Large Load Loss" by NERC
"Incident Review: Considering Voltage Sensitive Crypto Load Reductions" by NERC
"Large Load Disturbance Events" by ESIG
"Impact of Converter-based Demand on Frequency Quality in the Ireland and Northern Ireland Power Systems" by Taulant Kerci et al.
Large Computational Load Oscillations
"Understanding the inception of 14.7 Hz oscillations emerging from a data center" by Chetan Mishra et al.
"Replicating Real-World 23-Hz Oscillations Caused by Large Electronic Loads" by Lingling Fan et al.
"Evaluating the Risk to Bulk Power System Reliability from Large Load Induced Oscillations" by Shuchismita Biswas et al.
"Wide-Area Power System Oscillations from Large-Scale AI Workloads" by Min-Seung Ko and Hao Zhu
Data Center and Crypto Modeling
"Electromagnetic Transient Modeling of Large Data Centers for Grid-Level Studies" (Report) | Models by Brett Ross and Jim Follum
ERCOT Data Center and Crypto EMT Models
Monitoring
"Measurement Adequacy for Monitoring Data Center Oscillations" by Kaustav Chatterjee et al.
Understanding Data Centers
"The Data Center as a Computer" by Luiz André Barroso, Urs Hölzle, Parthasarathy Ranganathan
Modeling Data Centers
"Data Center Power Systems: Architectures, Impact on Grid Reliability, Modeling Considerations, and Megawatt-Scale Hardware Testing" by Shahil Shah, et al.
"Data Center Power System Stability — Part I: Power Supply Impedance Modeling" by J. Sun et al.
"Data Center Power System Stability — Part II: System Modeling and Analysis" by J. Sun et al.
Managing Power Fluctuations
"Power Stabilization for AI Training Datacenters" by Microsoft, OpenAI, Nvidia
"Balance of power: A full-stack approach to power and thermal fluctuations in ML infrastructure" by Houle Gan and Parthasarathy Ranganathan
The Future of Power Distribution in the Data Center
"Data Center Facility – Low Voltage Direct Current Power Distribution" by the OCP
Data Center Developers and Operator Perspectives
"SSO and LVRT for the Data Center" by Scot Heath, PE, DCEP, Microsoft
Last set of slides in linked deck
"Developer Perspective: Challenges with Modeling Requirements and Validation" by Khundmir Syed P.E., Diode Ventures
"Now you tell us…" by Scot Heath, PE, DCEP, Microsoft
Equipment Manufacturer Solutions to New Requirements
"Perfect Power for AI Factories - AI UPS" by Ricardo de Azevedo, ON.Energy
"Impact of AI Workloads and E-STATCOM Solutions" by Sergey Kynev, Siemens
"Agile Grid Forming for AI Loads" by M A Awal and Jason Barmann, EPC Power
"Enabling Large Load Interconnection Today: At-scale Validated Performance under Extreme Scenarios" by Mike Simpson, ON.Energy
"Making Data Centers Grid Friendly UPS Behavior Under Grid Disturbances" by Flemming Johansen, Schneider Electric
"UPS Voltage Disturbance Ride Through" by Brian Heber, Vertiv
"Data Centers - A Good Grid Citizen" by Keith Watson, CDCDP, Eaton
"Battery Storage Applications at Data Centers" by Sean Jones, Tesla
